从刑事立案到判决剖析我国刑事现状
余金龙
刑法是一部定罪及刑罚的法律，自古以来，是国家的统治工具。由于各国国情和历史不同，刑法在诸国法律体系的地位也不尽相同。诸如欧美发达资本主义国家，重名轻刑。而我国在对待民事。刑事立法上，更侧重于刑法。不可否认，这是国情和历史等因素影响刑法在我国法制体系中占统治地位，但也不排除刑法本事作为一部强制法在我国占据主导所依赖的制度因素。下面将从刑事立案，侦查，审判，判决几个程序中剖析我国刑事司法领域的现状。
我国自古以来是重刑轻民，因为民事案件往往只是公民之间的利益纠纷，而刑事案件往往会损害统治者所建立的统治秩序。所以大量的司法资源会被配置到刑事领域，这也正是大量民事已判案件久久得不到执行的原因。有大量为我国民事案件得不到公正，有效，及时的执行而奔走呼号的志士，却少有为刑事执行的呐喊的。呐喊也只是审判不力，判决不公。一旦案件一锤定音，那执行就如迅雷不及掩耳之速。司法资源的调度折射出我国“大公无私”的司法价值观，与西方那种“在民法慈母般的眼里每一个公民都是一个国家”司法价值观大相径庭
一个刑事案件的犯罪嫌疑人到犯罪分子要经过立案，侦查，起诉，审判，判决。这也是一起刑事案所必经程序。只要一起案件启动了刑事立案程序，那么必定损害了国家所保护的法益。于公，犯罪嫌疑人触犯了国家强制法，打乱了国家所建立的对自身统治地位有利的统治秩序。于私，犯罪嫌疑人触犯了当事人的合法权利。我国的刑法似乎为了惩罚而惩罚，尽是于公，少有于私。这也是我国不允许当事人搞诉辩交易在司法领域中刑事案的适用。因为诉辩交易制度是被侵犯权利和侵犯人私下了断，无需公权力介入。我国不允许这种置公权力于一旁的制度存在。刑事立案就是国家代替被害人对犯罪嫌疑人进行追责，忽视了被害人对主体地位。结果往往是维护了国家统治秩序，忽视了被害人的利益。国家借惩罚犯罪达到了威慑犯罪的社会效果，而被害人的利益和那晃动的枷锁乃至几声正义的枪声一统归于消灭。国家公诉人和自诉人在一起刑事案中所受到的损害孰轻孰重，自可知之。而罪犯只给国际制度构建损害买了单。
刑事侦查在我国诟病也不少，也曾受到国内和国外的指责。刑事侦查指公检法利用公权力资源对刑事案证据进行搜集，供起诉被告采用。往往在调查取证阶段，做出了有损司法公正的行为。“非法取证”在我国刑事领域一直是热议话题，公检法机关为了能搜集对案件有利的证据，采取刑讯逼供乃至违法法律不人道的行为，犯罪嫌疑人在办案人员眼中就是罪犯，从有罪推定出发，为了使其招供犯罪事实，采取暴力行为对其身体精神进行折磨。严重践踏人权，损害了国家机关人员的形象。
我国在解决刑讯逼供问题上，也着实进行了不少探索。近年来，我国先后完善了律师法，刑事诉讼法，规定律师有权在嫌疑犯收押后会见当事人。第一次询问时可以在场旁听。为了防止公安人员讯问疑犯动用刑讯逼供，各地在讯问室安装了监视器。监察办案人员有无违反行为。但这一切往往到了下面就变质了，上有政策下有对策。律师接到当事人委托后，会见竟被公检机关无理拒绝。更有甚者，有机关人员说律师法是一部行业法，对国家司法机关不起作用。这简直是公然藐视法律，造就我国法律效力倒置的怪状。采用刑讯逼供本身就是一种侵犯人权的行为，在我国宪法明确规定保护人权。在我国一些地方党政机关呢，宪法没有法律地位高，法律没有地方法规高，地方法规没有上面宏图文件高，上头文件没有领导批示高。当律师会见遭拒斥责的原因是“上面没有批示”另外安装监视器效果更是不值一提，既然制度缺失，器物也只是流于形式
在侦查过程中，侦查人员一定要本着一丝不苟，严密不怠的原则。由于我国科技因素的限制，侦查人员往往从犯罪嫌疑人口头中追定事实原委。因为行为人坦诚才是最好的证据。这些证据大量存在着瑕疵。坦白从宽，抗拒从严。这宽和严之间就是一个杀威棒。警察只关注自己的讯问成果，不关注嫌疑犯的承受能力。此为，有些动用嫌疑犯做诱饵，引诱其他未被逮普的同犯再次犯罪。国外称之为“二次犯罪”公安机关为了搜集犯罪证据，用嫌疑犯上演虚拟犯罪，然后重拳出击，一网打尽。种种利用非法手段，用经济学家的效益说则是：公安机关为了获得证据，采取着见实效的方法，采用逼供，引诱，不耗费多少人力物力就可以搞到第一手证据。所谓投入小，产出大。用政治学家的制度说则是：公安机关只考察办案人员的逮铺率，取证能力。以此作为考核标准，一整套行政化管理，以领导批示为核心，置法于不顾。上头一个“命案必破”的指示，所以警力通力合作，众志成城。当然这种命案必破，犯罪必究的决心也可以为社会潜在的犯罪敲响了警钟。但这种急功近利的心态能容忍静静的发现真相吗？这种行政力量与法治力量的较量，还会在中国这片法制土地激烈上演。
证据之所以为证据，在于它还原事实，呈现真相。用这种非法采集的证据将人置于犯罪角色，可靠吗？公正吗?根据无罪推定原则，往往办案方向从无罪方向推定。而我国由于历史技术原因，不能做到如此，只能从嫌疑犯主观动机推定犯罪可能。有了警方第一手证据材料及卷宗资料，检察院一国家公诉人的身份起诉被告。也就是说被告面临的强大的公权力。被告每一次辩护都是对国家权威的否定，兴许公诉人以被告“无理狡辩”为由，使之成为法官定罪量刑的依据。就如某地法院判决了二个性质相同的贪污案。第一个案件贪污金额高达一千万元，由于嫌疑人认罪态度好，该判死缓。而另一件贪污金额才二百万，只因被告在庭上翻供，拒不认罪，被判了死刑。。认罪态度似乎就是定罪量刑的至关因素，其实无疑剥夺了被告的辩护权。暂且不论外国的对抗式审判，由于国情不同，在中国法庭引人对抗式审判也不一定适用。但考虑是否将被告的积极辩护当作认罪态度，从而以此为定罪量刑的依据呢？
由于被告与公诉人地位不同，所以信息资源及不对称。在法庭上，被告要承受公诉人强大的追诉，面对法官纠问式审判。被告的证人往往出庭率极低。一则是法院不会积极协助交叉式询问成为泡影；二则是面对公权力权威，不禁胆战心寒，心理防线会崩溃。法庭上只有公诉人“义正言辞”，不准被告“强词夺理”。也有人建议在中国刑事庭上引进外国的沉默权来对抗法庭询问，避免被告因此受到审判压迫。但这一制度毕竟是“舶来品”，不可能有效解决我国具体问题。一旦引进沉默权，被告在法庭上始终保持沉默，那么他将会一直面对公诉人大量笔录和资源卷宗，视同默认。
在法庭调查阶段，证据显得尤为重要。由于被告处于弱势地位，将无法达到和公诉人一样的取证条件，也只能充当质证角色。根据司法程序正当原则，检方非法得来的或来源不明的证据一律排除法庭之外。而法院往往不经过严格审查就使用这些有争议有瑕疵的证据。当然我们不能因为警察违法而放纵犯罪。我们不仅要实体公正还要程序公正。就如古代皇帝御赐的尚方宝剑，钦差大臣可以凭此剑，对嫌疑犯可以不经审批之间就地正法。难道它真的正义吗？这也是因为中国不会出现第二个辛普森的原因了。
经过检方强势主导审批后，到了法庭宣判了，这也是实体正义的体现，也是决定被告命运的时刻了，但结果往往预料中。每一次庄严的宣判都是对被告的垂直打击。判决结果不外乎二中结果：支持公诉人的诉讼请求；对公诉请求稍微变动。极少时完全推翻公诉人的宣告无罪。就算第一审冒天下之不韪，宣告无罪，公诉人也会上诉，二审发回重审，一定要审它个“莫须有”来。在国家刑事案中，去年全国共判决20万件刑事案，完全判决无罪的只有8000件。推翻率只有千分之三，这也是司法领域的怪状。
当然也有小心谨慎的法院为了做到证据充分，事实明了，对证据存在瑕疵，事实不能认定的案件反复审理，一审挪二审，中院挪高院，反反复复，前前后后审理了几年，甚至十几年，严重破坏了司法的终结性。对被告的人权造成严重损害。既然没有认定事实，就应该将被告释放，但仍将之超期关押，使得被告做无罪做有罪的人，有罪做无罪的处。这不能不让人质疑：司法的终结性难道就是对被告的人身自由的终结吗，不否认审理案件关乎被告核心利益，一定要慎重处之，来不得半点马虎。但将一件案反复炒冷饭，不顾及被告承受的巨大压力。毕竟有限的司法资源不是用来虚耗。就算是正义最终降临，但迟来的正义非正义。
一件案子的宣判 不仅要有法律价值，而且兼顾到社会价值。这就是要求法官理性对待司法公正和所谓的社会公正。一件刑事案如果涉及社会道德伦理，就一会引起社会强烈反应，乃至当地的政府机关的关注。此时，来自社会力量和政治力量往往不自觉的威胁到司法独立。比如张金柱撞人案，由于张金柱身为警务人员，酗酒驾车，导致交通事故，造成人员伤亡。受害家属当众喊冤。打出了“诛杀张金柱，主持公道”的横幅。此事也引起当地政法机关的关注。于是来自社会民间力量，舆论力量，行政力量纷纷干扰法院，要求严惩被告。面对“不杀不足以平民愤”的呼号，法官能理性的公正的判决吗？这几拨力量中，民间及舆论完全受道德伦理的支配，行政力量出于会引起民愤，造成群众性集体事件，纷纷置国法于不顾向法院施加压力。这也说明我国司法独立还需要很长一段路要走。
此外案件的判决书也确实不那么尽人意。有点地方法院制作案件判决书时不以案论案，不阐明判决结果从何而来。最常见的对判决结果的来源只用“由于考虑到本案的具体情况”一笔带过。着实让人疑云重重。就算案件判的再公也让人怀疑他的公正性。司法公开性强调要展现公正，还要展现正义如何而来。
以上论述可以看到我国刑事案从立案到判决的过程中，存在着种种问题。这也是今后我国司法改革构建法治必须面对的问题。它伴随着社会发展而日益凸出，如果不慎重待之，务必会对经济发展造成负面影响。21世纪是法治社会，依法治国，法律至上，早已是不争得事实。为什么到现在司法体制改革难见成效，社会不公的现象时有发生，是改革有所保留还是现行体制不合时宜了
我们在贬内褒外的同时，是不是冷静的分析一下自己的体制问题出在哪里了，要从什么方面寻找突破口，革除哪些弊端。不可否认，外国司法体制很完善，但那时历经白年的不断完善，才能成就今天的法治社会。我国法治建设起步晚，不能拔苗助长，要以国情为基准，循序渐进。近年来也有不少人士提出了对司法体制改革的宝贵意见。如将各地法院的人事任免，财政支付统一由最高人民法院统一调度，从而地方法院才能真正独立，脱离地方政府。这样法院实现独立才有了制度保障。另外，也有从程序和证据制度打开缺口。比如：严格证据准用制度，非法证据排除制度等等。这些都是我国现实而设计的，然而执行在人如果一个国家的人民缺乏一种能赋予这些制度以真实生命的广泛的现代心理基础，如果执行和运用这些制度的人，自身没有从心里，思想，态度和行为方式上都经历一个向现代化转变，失败和畸形发展的悲剧在所难免。
一套制度如果屡遭诟病，只能说明它早已不合时宜了，到了功成身退的历史时刻了。改革司法体制以是民心所向，大势所趋了。司法不公，构建和谐社会无从谈起。司法正义是社会的最后一道防线。如果最后一道防线不能固若金汤，正义就不能实现。
作者 余金龙
中华人民共和国增值税暂行条例实施细则(附英文)
财政部
中华人民共和国增值税暂行条例实施细则(附英文)
1993年12月25日，财政部
细则
第一条 根据《中华人民共和国增值税暂行条例》（以下简称条例）第二十八条的规定，制定本细则。
第二条 条例第一条所称货物，是指有形动产，包括电力、热力、气体在内。
条例第一条所称加工，是指受托加工货物，即委托方提供原料及主要材料，受托方按照委托方的要求制造货物并收取加工费的业务。
条例第一条所称修理修配，是指受托对损伤和丧失功能的货物进行修复，使其恢复原状和功能的业务。
第三条 条例第一条所称销售货物，是指有偿转让货物的所有权。
条例第一条所称提供加工、修理修配劳务，是指有偿提供加工、修理修配劳务。但单位或个体经营者聘用的员工为本单位或雇主提供加工、修理修配劳务，不包括在内。
本细则所称有偿，包括从购买方取得货币、货物或其他经济利益。
第四条 单位或个体经营者的下列行为，视同销售货物：
（一）将货物交付他人代销；
（二）销售代销货物；
（三）设有两个以上机构并实行统一核算的纳税人，将货物从一个机构移送其他机构用于销售，但相关机构设在同一县（市）的除外；
（四）将自产或委托加工的货物用于非应税项目；
（五）将自产、委托加工或购买的货物作为投资，提供给其他单位或个体经营者；
（六）将自产、委托加工或购买的货物分配给股东或投资者；
（七）将自产、委托加工的货物用于集体福利或个人消费；
（八）将自产、委托加工或购买的货物无偿赠送他人。
第五条 一项销售行为如果既涉及货物又涉及非应税劳务，为混合销售行为。从事货物的生产、批发或零售的企业、企业性单位及个体经营者的混合销售行为，视为销售货物，应当征收增值税；其他单位和个人的混合销售行为，视为销售非应税劳务，不征收增值税。
纳税人的销售行为是否属于混合销售行为，由国家税务总局所属征收机关确定。
本条第一款所称非应税劳务，是指属于应缴营业税的交通运输业、建筑业、金融保险业、邮电通信业、文化体育业、娱乐业、服务业税目征收范围的劳务。
本条第一款所称从事货物的生产、批发或零售的企业、企业性单位及个体经营者，包括以从事货物的生产、批发或零售为主，并兼营非应税劳务的企业、企业性单位及个体经营者在内。
第六条 纳税人兼营非应税劳务的，应分别核算货物或应税劳务和非应税劳务的销售额。不分别核算或者不能准确核算的，其非应税劳务应与货物或应税劳务一并征收增值税。
纳税人兼营的非应税劳务是否应当一并征收增值税，由国家税务总局所属征收机关确定。
第七条 条例第一条所称在中华人民共和国境内（以下简称境内）销售货物，是指所销售的货物的起运地或所在地在境内；
条例第一条所称在境内销售应税劳务，是指所销售的应税劳务发生在境内。
第八条 条例第一条所称单位，是指国有企业、集体企业、私有企业、股份制企业、其他企业和行政单位、事业单位、军事单位、社会团体及其他单位。
条例第一条所称个人，是指个体经营者及其他个人。
第九条 企业租赁或承包给他人经营的，以承租人或承包人为纳税人。
第十条 纳税人销售不同税率货物或应税劳务，并兼营应属一并征收增值税的非应税劳务的，其非应税劳务应从高适用税率。
第十一条 小规模纳税人以外的纳税人（以下简称一般纳税人）因销货退回或折让而退还给购买方的增值税额，应从发生销货退回或折让当期的销项税额中扣减，因进货退出或折让而收回的增值税额，应从发生进货退出或折让当期的进项税额中扣减。
第十二条 条例第六条所称价外费用，是指价外向购买方收取的手续费、补贴、基金、集资费返还利润、奖励费、违约金（延期付款利息）、包装费、包装物租金、储备费、优质费、运输装卸费、代收款项、代垫款项及其他各种性质的价外收费。但下列项目不包括在内：
（一）向购买方收取的销项税额；
（二）受托加工应征消费税的消费品所代收代缴的消费税；
（三）同时符合以下条件的代垫运费：
1．承运部门的运费发票开具给购货方的；
2．纳税人将该项发票转交给购货方的。
凡价外费用，无论其会计制度如何核算，均应并入销售额计算应纳税额。
第十三条 混合销售行为和兼营的非应税劳务，依照本细则第五条、第六条规定应当征收增值税的，其销售额分别为货物与非应税劳务的销售额的合计，货物或者应税劳务与非应税劳务的销售额的合计。
第十四条 一般纳税人销售货物或者应税劳务采用销售额和销项税额合并定价方法的，按下列公式计算销售额：
含税销售额
销售额＝－－－－－－－
1＋税率
第十五条 根据条例第六条的规定，纳税人按外汇结算销售额的，其销售额的人民币折合率可以选择销售额发生的当天或当月1日的国家外汇牌价（原则上为中间价）。纳税人应在事先确定采用何种折合率，确定后一年内不得变更。
第十六条 纳税人有条例第七条所称价格明显偏低并无正当理由或者有本细则第四条所列视同销售货物行为而无销售额者，按下列顺序确定销售额：
（一）按纳税人当月同类货物的平均销售价格确定；
（二）按纳税人最近时期同类货物的平均销售价格确定；
（三）按组成计税价格确定。组成计税价格的公式为：
组成计税价格＝成本×（1＋成本利润率）
属于应征消费税的货物，其组成计税价格中应加计消费税额。
公式中的成本是指：销售自产货物的为实际生产成本，销售外购货物的为实际采购成本。公式中的成本利润率由国家税务总局确定。
第十七条 条例第八条第三款所称买价，包括纳税人购进免税农业产品支付给农业生产者的价款和按规定代收代缴的农业特产税。
前款所称价款，是指经主管税务机关批准使用的收购凭证上注明的价款。
第十八条 混合销售行为和兼营的非应税劳务，依照本细则第五条、第六条的规定应当征收增值税的，该混合销售行为所涉及的非应税劳务和兼营的非应税劳务所用购进货物的进项税额，符合条例第八条规定的，准予从销项税额中抵扣。
第十九条 条例第十条所称固定资产是指：
（一）使用期限超过一年的机器、机械、运输工具以及其他与生产经营有关的设备、工具、器具；
（二）单位价值在2000元以上，并且使用年限超过两年的不属于生产经营主要设备的物品。
第二十条 条例第十条所称非应税项目，是指提供非应税劳务、转让无形资产、销售不动产和固定资产在建工程等。
纳税人新建、改建、扩建、修缮、装饰建筑物，无论会计制度规定如何核算，均属于前款所称固定资产在建工程。
第二十一条 条例第十条所称非正常损失，是指生产经营过程中正常损耗外的损失，包括：
（一）自然灾害损失；
（二）因管理不善造成货物被盗窃、发生霉烂变质等损失；
（三）其他非正常损失。
第二十二条 已抵扣进项税额的购进货物或应税劳务发生条例第十条第（二）至（六）项所列情况的，应将该项购进货物或应税劳务的进项税额从当期发生的进项税额中扣减。无法准确确定该项进项税额的，按当期实际成本计算应扣减的进项税额。
第二十三条 纳税人兼营免税项目或非应税项目（不包括固定资产在建工程）而无法准确划分不得抵扣的进项税额的，按下列公式计算不得抵扣的进项税额。
当月免税项目销售额、
不得抵 当月全 非应税项目营业额合计扣的进＝部进项×－－－－－－－－－－项税额 税 额 当月全部销售额、
营业额合计
第二十四条 条例第十一条所称小规模纳税人的标准规定如下：
（一）从事货物生产或提供应税劳务的纳税人，以及以从事货物生产或提供应税劳务为主，并兼营货物批发或零售的纳税人，年应征增值税销售额（以下简称应税销售额）在100万元以下的；
（二）从事货物批发或零售的纳税人，年应税销售额在180万元以下的。
年应税销售额超过小规模纳税人标准的个人、非企业性单位、不经常发生应税行为的企业，视同小规模纳税人纳税。
第二十五条 小规模纳税人的销售额不包括其应纳税额。
小规模纳税人销售货物或应税劳务采用销售额和应纳税额合并定价方法的，按下列公式计算销售额：
含税销售额
销售额＝－－－－－－－
1＋征收率
第二十六条 小规模纳税人因销货退回或折让退还给购买方的销售额，应从发生销货退回或折让当期的销售额中扣减。
第二十七条 条例第十四条所称会计核算健全，是指能按会计制度和税务机关的要求准确核算销项税额、进项税额和应纳税额。
第二十八条 个体经营者符合条例第十四条所定条件的，经国家税务总局直属分局批准，可以认定为一般纳税人。
第二十九条 小规模纳税人一经认定为一般纳税人后，不得再转为小规模纳税人。
第三十条 一般纳税人有下列情形之一者，应按销售额依照增值税税率计算应纳税额，不得抵扣进项税额，也不得使用增值税专用发票。
（一）会计核算不健全，或者不能够提供准确税务资料的；
（二）符合一般纳税人条件，但不申请办理一般纳税人认定手续的。
第三十一条 条例第十六条所列部分免税项目的范围，限定如下：
（一）第一款第（一）项所称农业，是指种植业、养殖业、林业、牧业、水产业。
农业生产者，包括从事农业生产的单位和个人。
农业产品，是指初级农业产品，具体范围由国家税务总局直属分局确定。
（二）第一款第（三）项所称古旧图书，是指向社会收购的古书和旧书。
（三）第一款第（八）项所称物品，是指游艇、摩托车、应征消费税的汽车以外的货物。
自己使用过的物品，是指本细则第八条所称其他个人自己使用过的物品。
第三十二条 条例第十八条所称增值税起征点的适用范围只限于个人。
增值税起征点的幅度规定如下：
（一）销售货物的起征点为月销售额600—2000元。
（二）销售应税劳务的起征点为月销售额200—800元。
（三）按次纳税的起征点为每次（日）销售额50—80元。
前款所称销售额，是指本细则第二十五条第一款所称小规模纳税人的销售额。
国家税务总局直属分局应在规定的幅度内，根据实际情况确定本地区适用的起征点，并报国家税务总局备案。
第三十三条 条例第十九条第（一）项规定的销售货物或者应税劳务的纳税义务发生时间，按销售结算方式的不同，具体为：
（一）采取直接收款方式销售货物，不论货物是否发出，均为收到销售额或取得索取销售额的凭据，并将提货单交给买方的当天；
（二）采取托收承付和委托银行收款方式销售货物，为发出货物并办妥托收手续的当天；
（三）采取赊销和分期收款方式销售货物，为按合同约定的收款日期的当天；
（四）采取预收货款方式销售货物，为货物发出的当天；
（五）委托其他纳税人代销货物，为收到代销单位销售的代销清单的当天；
（六）销售应税劳务，为提供劳务同时收讫销售额或取得索取销售额的凭据的当天；
（七）纳税人发生本细则第四条第（三）项至第（八）项所列视同销售货物行为，为货物移送的当天。
第三十四条 境外的单位或个人在境内销售应税劳务而在境内未设有经营机构的，其应纳税款以代理人为扣缴义务人；没有代理人的，以购买者为扣缴义务人。
第三十五条 非固定业户到外县（市）销售货物或者应税劳务未向销售地主管税务机关申报纳税的，由其机构所在地或者居住地主管税务机关补征税款。
第三十六条 条例第二十条所称税务机关，是指国家税务总局及其所属征收机关。
条例和本细则所称主管税务机关、征收机关，均指国家税务总局所属支局以上税务机关。
第三十七条 本细则所称“以上”、“以下”，均含本数或本级。
第三十八条 本细则由财政部解释，或者由国家税务总局解释。
第三十九条 本细则从条例施行之日起实施。1984年9月28日财政部颁发的《中华人民共和国增值税条例（草案）实施细则》、《中华人民共和国产品税条例（草案）实施细则》同时废止。
DETAILED RULE FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROVISIONAL REGULATIONOF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON VALUE-ADDED TAX
(Ministry of Finance: 25 December 1993)
Whole Doc.
Article 1
These Detailed Rules are formulated in accordance with the
stipulations of Article 28 of the
Republic of China on Value-Added Tax> (hereinafter referred to as "the
Regulations").
Article 2
"Goods" as mentioned in Article 1 of the Regulations refers to
tangible moveable goods, including electricity, heat, and gas.
"Processing" as mentioned in Article 1 of the Regulations refers to
the business of contracting to process goods, where the contractor
supplies the raw material and major materials and the subcontractor
manufactures the goods in accordance with the requirements of the
contractor and receives a processing fee.
"Repairs and replacement" as mentioned in Article 1 of the
Regulations refers to the business of contracting to carry out repairs of
damaged or malfunctioned goods, so as to restore the goods to their
original conditions and functions.
Article 3
"Sales of goods" as mentioned in Article 1 of the Regulations refers
to the transfer of the ownership of goods for any consideration.
"Provision of processing, repairs and replacement services" as
mentioned in Article 1 of the Regulations refers to the provision of
processing, repairs and replacement services for any consideration.
However the provision of processing, repairs and replacement services by
the staff employed by the units or individual business operators for their
units or employers shall not be included.
"Consideration" as mentioned in these Detailed Rules includes money,
goods or any economic benefit obtained from the purchasers.
Article 4
The following activities of units or individual operators shall be
deemed as sales of goods:
(1) Consignment of goods to others for sale;
(2) Sale of goods under consignment;
(3) Transfer of goods from one establishment to other establishments
for sale by a taxpayer that maintains two or more establishments and
adopts consolidated accounting, unless the relevant establishments are
maintained in the same county (or city);
(4) Application of self-produced or processed goods to produce
non-taxable items;
(5) Provision of self-produced, processed or purchased goods to other
units or individual operators as investments;
(6) Distribution of self-produced, processed or purchased goods to
shareholders or investors;
(7) Use of self-produced or processed goods for collective welfare or
personal consumption;
(8) Giving out self-produced, processed or purchased goods to others
as free gifts.
Article 5
A sales activity that involves goods and non-taxable services shall
be a mixed sales activity. Mixed sales activities of enterprises,
enterprise units or individual business operators engaged in production,
wholesaling or retailing of goods shall be regarded as sales of goods
which shall be subject to VAT. Mixed sales activities of other units or
individuals shall be regarded as sales of non-taxable services which shall
not be subject to VAT.
Whether a taxpayer's sales activity is a mixed sales activity shall
be determined by the tax collecting authorities under the State
Administration of Taxation.
"Non-taxable services" as mentioned in the first paragraph of this
Article refers to the services subject to Business Tax within the scope of
the taxable items of communications and transportation, construction,
finance and insurance, posts and telecommunications, culture and sports,
entertainment, and service industries.
"Enterprises, enterprise units or individual business operators
engaged in production, wholesaling or retailing of goods" as mentioned in
the first paragraph of this Article includes enterprises, enterprise
units, and individual business operators principally engaged in the
production, wholesaling or retailing of goods and also engaged in
non-taxable services.
Article 6
Taxpayers also engaged in non-taxable services shall account
separately for the sales amount of goods and taxable services and
non-taxable services. Without separate accounting or where accurate
accounting cannot be made, the non-taxable services and goods and taxable
services shall together be subject to VAT.
Whether non-taxable services so engaged by the taxpayer shall be
subject to VAT shall be determined by the tax collecting authorities under
the State Administration of Taxation.
Article 7
"Sales of goods within the territory of the People's Republic of
China" (hereinafter referred to as "within the territory") as mentioned in
Article 1 of the Regulations refers to the place of despatch or the
location of the goods sold is within the territory.
"Sales of taxable services in the territory" as mentioned in Article
1 of the Regulations refers to the sales of taxable services that takes
place within the territory.
Article 8
"Units" as mentioned in Article 1 of the Regulations refers to
State-owned enterprises, collectively owned enterprises, privately- owned
enterprises, joint-stock enterprises, other enterprises, administrative
units, institutions, military units, social organizations and other units.
"Individuals" as mentioned in Article 1 of the Regulations refers to
individual business operators and other individuals.
Article 9
For enterprises which lease or contract to others for management, the
lessees or the sub-contractors shall be the taxpayers.
Article 10
Taxpayers selling goods or taxable services with different tax rates
and also engaged in non-taxable services which shall be subject to VAT,
the highest of the tax rates on goods or taxable services shall apply to
the non taxable services.
Article 11
For taxpayers other than small-scale taxpayers (hereinafter referred
to as "general taxpayers"), the VAT refundable to purchasers due to
returns inward or discount allowed shall be deducted from the output tax
for the period in which the returns inward or discount allowed takes
place. The VAT recovered due to the returns outward or discount received
shall be deducted from the input tax for the period in which the returns
outward or discount received takes place.
Article 12
"Other charges" as mentioned in Article 6 of the Regulations refers
to handling fees, subsidies, funds, fund raising fees, profits sharing,
incentive bonus, damages on breach of contract (interest on deferred
payments), packaging charges, rentals on packaging materials, contingency
charges, quality charges, freight and loading and unloading charges,
commissioned receipts, commissioned payments and charges of any other
nature which is in addition to the price charged to the purchaser. The
following items nevertheless shall not be included:
(1) Output VAT collected from purchasers;
(2) Consumption Tax withheld on processing of consumer goods subject
to Consumption Tax;
(3) Disbursement of freight charges that satisfies both the following
conditions;
1. A freight invoice of transportation department was issued to the
purchaser; and
2. The same invoice is turned over by the taxpayer to the purchaser.
All other charges, regardless of the accounting treatment under the
accounting system adopted, shall be included in the sales amount in
computing the tax payable.
Article 13
Where the taxpayer is engaged in mixed sales activities and the
non-taxable services that are subject to VAT in accordance with Article 5
and Article 6 of these Detailed Rules, his sales amount shall be
respectively the sum the his sales amounts of goods and non-taxable
services, or the sum of the sales amounts of goods or taxable services and
the non-taxable services.
Article 14
For general taxpayers selling goods or taxable services that adopt
the pricing method of combining the sales amount and the output tax, the
sales amount shall be computed according to the following formula:
Sales amount including tax
Sales amount = ----------------------------
1 + tax rate
Article 15
Pursuant to the stipulations of Article 6 of the Regulations, if a
taxpayer settles the sales amount in foreign exchange, the Renminbi
conversion rate for the sales amount to be selected can be the foreign
exchange rate quoted by the State (the average rate in Principle)
prevailing on the date or that on the first day of the month in which the
sales take place. Taxpayers shall determine in advance the conversion
rate to be adopted. Once determined, no change is allowed within 1 year.
Article 16
For taxpayers whose prices are obviously low and without proper
justification as mentioned in Article 7 of the Regulations, or have
activities of selling goods as listed in Article 4 of these Detailed Rules
but without invoiced sales amounts, the sales amount shall be determined
according to the following sequence:
(1) Determined according to the average selling price of the taxpayer
on the same goods in the same month;
(2) Determined according to the average selling price of the taxpayer
on the same goods in the recent period;
(3) Determined according to the composite assessable value. The
formula of the composite assessable value shall be:
Composite assessable Value = Cost X (1 + cost plus margin)
For goods subject to Consumption Tax, the composite assessable value
shall include Consumption Tax payable.
"Cost" in the formula refers to the actual costs of products sold for
sales of self-produced goods; and the actual costs of purchases for sales
of purchased goods. The rate of cost-plus margin in the formula shall be
determined by the State Administration of Taxation.
Article 17
The "Purchase price" as mentioned in Paragraph 3, Article 8 of the
Regulations includes the price paid by taxpayers to agricultural producers
for purchasing tax-exempt agricultural products and the Agricultural
Special Product Tax withheld according to the regulations.
The "price paid" as mentioned in the preceding paragraph refers to
the price specified on the purchasing voucher approved for use by the
competent tax authorities.
Article 18
For mixed sales activities and non-taxable services which are subject
to VAT according to the stipulations of Article 5 and Article 6 of these
Detailed Rules, the input tax on goods purchased for use in the
non-taxable services involved in the mixed sales activities or in the
non-taxable services that satisfies the stipulations of Article 8 of the
Regulations is allowed to be credited from the output tax.
Article 19
"Fixed assets" as mentioned in Article 10 of the Regulations
refers to:
(1) Machinery, mechanical apparatus, means of transport, and other
equipment, tools and apparatus related to production or business
operations with a useful life of more than one year;
(2) Article that are not the main equipment for production or
business operations but with a unit value of more than 2000 yuan and a
useful life of more than two years.
Article 20
"Non-taxable items" as mentioned in Article 10 of the Regulations
refers to the provision of non-taxable services, the transfer of
intangible assets, the sales of immovable properties and fixed assets
under construction, etc.
The construction, re-construction, expansion, repairing and
decoration of buildings by the taxpayer, regardless of the accounting
treatment under the accounting system adopted, shall be included in the
"fixed assets under construction" as mentioned in the proceeding
paragraph.
Article 21
"Abnormal losses" as mentioned in Article 10 of the Regulations
refers to losses other than the normal wear and tear in the course of
production or business operations. They include:
(1) Losses due to natural disasters;
(2) Losses due to theft, spoilage or deterioration, etc., resulting
from improper management;
(3) Other abnormal losses.
Article 22
Where input tax has already been claimed on goods purchased or
taxable services under the circumstances listed in Paragraphs (2) to (6)
in Article 10 of the Regulations, the input tax of these goods purchased
or taxable services shall be deducted from the input tax of that period.
If that input tax cannot be determined accurately, the input tax to be
deducted shall be computed based on the actual costs of that period.
Article 23
For taxpayers engaged in tax-exempt items or non-taxable items (not
including fixed assets under construction) and where the input tax cannot
be determined accurately, the non-creditable input tax shall be computed
according to the following formula:
Sum of the sales amounts of
tax-exempt items and
turnover of non-taxable
Non-creditable Total input tax items of the month
= x --------------------
in put tax of the month Sum of the total sales
amount and turnover of
the month
Article 24
The standards for small-scale taxpayers as mentioned in Article 11 of
the Regulations are as follows:
(1) Taxpayers engaged in the production of goods or the provision of
taxable services, and taxpayers engaged principally in the production of
goods or provision of taxable services but also in wholesaling or
retailing of goods, the annual sales amount of which subject to VAT
(hereinafter referred to as "taxable sales amount") is below 1 million
yuan;
(2) Taxpayers engaged in wholesaling or retailing of goods, the
annual taxable sales amount of which is below 1.8 million yuan.
Regardless whether the annual taxable sales amounts exceed the
standards for small-scale taxpayers, individuals, non-enterprise units,
and enterprises which do not often have taxable activities, are chargeable
as small-scale taxpayers.
Article 25
The sales amount of small-scale taxpayers does not include the tax
payable.
For small-scale taxpayers selling goods or providing taxable services
that adopt the method of setting prices by combining the sales amount and
the tax payable, the sales amount is computed according to the following
formula:
Sales amount including tax
Sales amount = ----------------------------
1 + Assessable rate
Article 26
For small-scale taxpayers, the sales amount refunded to the
purchasers due to returns inward or discount allowed shall be deducted
from the sales amount for the period in which the returns inward or
discount allowed occurs.
Article 27
"Sound accounting" as stated in Article 14 of the Regulations refers
to the capability of accurately accounting for the output tax, input tax
and tax payable in accordance with the accounting regulations and the
requirements of the tax authorities.
Article 28
Individual operators that satisfy the conditions as prescribed in
Article 14 of the Regulations and after the approval of the bureaux
directly under the State Administration of Taxation can be confirmed as
general taxpayers.
Article 29
Once the small-scale taxpayers have been confirmed as general
taxpayers, they cannot be reclassified as small-scale taxpayers.
Article 30
General taxpayers in any of the following circumstances shall compute
the tax payable based on the sales amount and according to the VAT rates,
but no input tax can be credited and special VAT invoices shall not be
used:
(1) The accounting system is unsound or cannot provide accurate tax
information;
(2) The conditions of general taxpayers are satisfied but the
taxpayer has not applied or processed the confirmation procedures as
general taxpayers.
Article 31
The scope of part of the tax-exempt items listed in Article 16 of the
Regulations are prescribed as follows:
(1) "Agricultural" as mentioned in Item (1) of Paragraph (1) refers
to planting, breeding, forestry, animal husbandry and aquatic products
industry.
"Agricultural producers" includes units and individuals engaged in
agricultural production.
"Agricultural products" refers to primary agricultural products. The
detailed scope of this definition shall be determined by the taxation
bureaux directly under the State Administration of Taxation.
(2) "Antique books" as mentioned in Item (3) of Paragraph (1) refers
to the ancient books and old books purchased from the public.
(3) "Articles" as mentioned in Item (8) of Paragraph (1) refers to
goods other than yachts, motorcycles, and motor vehicles that are subject
to Consumption Tax.
"Articles which have been used" refers to goods that have been used
by "other individuals" as mentioned in Article 8 of these Detailed Rules.
Article 32
The scope of application of "VAT minimum threshold" as mentioned in
Article 18 of the Regulations is limited to individuals.
The range of the VAT minimum threshold are stipulated as
follows:
(1) The minimum threshold for sales of goods shall be monthly sales
amount of 600 to 2000 yuan.
(2) The minimum threshold for sales of taxable services shall be
monthly sales amount of 200 to 800 yuan.
(3) The minimum threshold for assessment on a transaction-by-
transaction basis shall be sales amount per transaction (or per day) of 50
to 80 yuan.
"Sales amount" as mentioned in the preceding paragraph refers to the
"sales amount of small-scale taxpayers" as mentioned in the first
paragraph of Article 25 of these Detailed Rules.
The bureaux directly under the State Administration of Taxation shall
determine the minimum threshold locally applicable within the prescribed
range and in accordance with the actual conditions and shall report these
amounts to the State Administration of Taxation for their records.
Article 33
The timing at which the tax liability arises on the sales of goods or
taxable services as prescribed in Item (1), Article 19 of the Regulations
is specified according to the different methods of settlement as follows:
(1) For sales of goods under the direct payment method, it shall be
the date on which the sales sum is received or the documented evidence of
the right to collect the sales sum is obtained, and the bills of lading
are delivered to purchasers, regardless whether the goods are delivered;
(2) For sales of goods where the sales amount is entrusted for
collection, including where entrusted to banks for collection, it shall be
the date on which the goods are delivered and the procedures for entrusted
collection are completed;
(3) For sales of goods on credit or receipt by installments, it shall
be the date of collection agreed according to the contracts;
(4) For sales of goods with payment received in advance, it shall be
the date on which the goods are delivered;
(5) For sales of goods on a consignment to other taxpayers, it shall
be the date on which the detailed account of consignment sales are
received from the consignee;
(6) For sales of taxable services, it shall be the date on which the
services are provided and the sales sum is received or the documented
evidence of the right to collect the sales sum is obtained;
(7) For taxpayers that have the activities that are considered as
sales of goods as listed from Item (3) to Item (8) in Article 4 of these
Detailed Rules, it shall be the date on which the goods are transferred.
Article 34
For overseas units or individuals selling taxable services within the
territory but have not set up any business establishment within the
territory, the agents shall be the withholding agents for their tax
payable. If there are no agents, the purchaser shall be the withholding
agent.
Article 35
For business without a fixed base selling goods or taxable services
in a different county (or city) and have not reported and paid tax with
the competent tax authorities where the sales take place, the competent
tax authorities of the location where the establishments are located or
where the individual resides shall collect the overdue tax.
Article 36
"Tax authorities" as mentioned in Article 20 of the Regulations is
the State Administration of Taxation, and the collecting authorities
thereunder.
"The competent tax authorities" and "the collecting authorities" as
mentioned in the Regulations and these Detailed Rules refer to branches
offices under the State Administration of Taxation at county level and
above.
Article 37
"Above" and "Below" as mentioned in these Detailed Rules also include
the figure or the level itself.
Article 38
These Detailed Rules shall be interpreted by the Ministry of Finance
or by the State Administration of Taxation.
Article 39
These Detailed rules shall be implemented on the date the Regulations
come into effect. The
Implementation of the Draft Regulations of the People's Republic of China
on Value-Added Tax> and the
不分页显示 总共2页 1 [2]
下一页
