职务侵占犯罪中非单位在编人员的主体认定探析
许珂 许建民
职务侵占罪是违反公司法犯罪中一种多发性犯罪,它是由1995年2月28日全国人大常委会通过的《关于惩治违反公司法的犯罪的决定》第十条规定的侵占罪扩展延伸而来,将职务侵占犯罪纳入刑法典。1997年修订的刑法第271条第一款规定:公司、企业或者其他单位的人员,利用职务上的便利,将本单位财物非法占为己有,数额较大的,处五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役;数额巨大的,处五年以上有期徒刑,可以并处没收财产。
刑法条文将职务侵占罪的犯罪主体限定为公司、企业或者其他单位人员范围,从立法的本质来理解,作为一种与职务相关的犯罪,规定其主体必须具有特定的身份,从刑法理论划分,其属于特殊主体。但是自法律实施后,在司法实践中对哪些人可以成为职务侵占罪的犯罪主体一直存在较大争议,《关于惩治违反公司法的犯罪的决定》第十条规定侵占罪与刑法第271条规定的职务侵占罪对犯罪主体的范畴从条文上看似不一样,其主体范围有所扩大,除了公司、企业人员外增加了其他单位的人员。但从1996年1月24日发布的最高人民法院《关于办理违反公司法受贿、侵占、挪用等刑事案件适用法律若干问题的解释》第二条、第五条规定来看,侵占罪的主体范围与职务侵占罪规定是一样的,而职务侵占罪的主体构成至今也没有另出新的司法解释,最高人民法院《关于办理违反公司法受贿、侵占、挪用等刑事案件适用法律若干问题的解释》有关职务侵占犯罪主体规定的范畴就一直沿用至今。经过几年来学术界、司法界的不断研判和司法实践,对职务侵占罪的主体基本形成了比较一致的概念,主要有以下几种:一是股份有限公司、有限责任公司的董事、监事,这些董事、监事必须是不具有国家工作人员身份;二是上述人员除公司的董事、监事之外的经理、部门负责人和其他一般职员和工人,同理也必须不具备国家工作人员身份;三是集体性质企业、私营企业、外商独资企业的职工;四是国有企业、公司、中外合资、中外合作企业中不具有国家工作人员身份的所有职工。因为职务侵占犯罪案件的复杂性和特殊性,上述四种范畴看似明确完备,可还是不能包括职务侵占行为人身份全部。
由于我国企业的新旧体制转换,就业形式的多样化,以及部分公司、企业或者其他单位用工制度的不规范,对职工范围国家行政部门、劳动部门又没有明确的规定,造成了从业人员称谓复杂、身份多样,有正式工、长期工、固定工、合同工、派遣工、季节工、临时工等之称,这些从业主体中与公司、企业或者其他单位签订了用人合同,确立了劳动关系,明确了双方的权利和义务,与公司、企业或者其他单位形成了行政上的隶属关系,固然具备了职务侵占罪犯罪主体的资格,也就是上述概括的四类人员之一。
任何法律都存在局限性,不可能面面俱到包罗所有问题,职务侵占罪的法律条文和司法解释也同样,不可能对职务侵占罪的犯罪构成要件规定得十分完备。除了上面所述的四种不同身份的人以外,公司、企业或者其他单位中还存在大量的临时工、派遣工、实习生、兼职人员等,他们不是单位正式在编人员,他们与企业没有签订劳动合同,劳动关系不清,双方的权利和义务关系没有明文规定。这部分人员是否能成为职务侵占罪主体在司法实践中就成了争议的焦点,一些观点认为职务侵占罪的主体必须是与公司、企业或者其他单位签订了用人合同,确立了劳动关系,明确了双方的权利和义务,劳动合同是要式合同,不但要以书面形式订立,而且要具备法定的必备条款,否则就不能成为职务侵占罪的主体。有些观点认为只要存在事实劳动关系,就可以构成职务侵占罪的主体。笔者想就这部分人员的犯罪主体构成问题,分别作一下分析探讨。
一、公司、企业或者其他单位的临时工主体资格问题。顾名思义他们是公司、企业、单位雇用的非正式职工,这些人员是单位根据工作的实际需要临时从社会上招聘的,由于用人单位或从业者本人的原因,用人单位和从业人员之间应当签订劳动合同而未签订合同,他们能否构成职务侵占罪的主体,似乎一纸书面的劳动合同成了判断身份的唯一依据,那么我们在司法实践中在界定和甄别公司、企业或者其他单位的人员时,是否必须以有没有依法签订劳动合同,确立劳动关系为标准,以此来判断是否属于公司、企业或者其他单位的人员呢?这种以合同定身份的争议,随着2008年1月1日实施的《中华人民共和国劳动合同法》切实执行将会越来越少了。该法规定的第七条:用人单位自用工之日起即与劳动者建立劳动关系。用人单位应当建立职工名册备查。
第十条:建立劳动关系,应当订立书面劳动合同。
已建立劳动关系,未同时订立书面劳动合同的,应当自用工之日起一个月内订立书面劳动合同。
第十四条第三款:用人单位自用工之日起满一年不与劳动者订立书面劳动合同的,视为用人单位与劳动者已订立无固定期限劳动合同。
这些法律条款明确规定单位用工必须依法签订劳动合同,没有签订劳动合同的,如果劳动者接受用人单位管理,从事用人单位指定的工作,并获取劳动报酬和劳动保护,双方实际履行了劳动法所规定的权利义务,即为“事实劳动关系”,也就成为有学者所说的 “准公司、企业或者其他单位的人员”,如果从业人员实施了“将本单位的财物占为己有”的行为,我们不必再将是否有书面劳动合同作为“公司、企业或者其他单位的人员”的必要条件,而是要研究它行为的客观方面,如果客观要件符合职务侵占罪构成条件,就完全可依照职务侵占罪的主体追究其刑事责任。
二、兼职人员的主体资格问题。在现实经济社会中,一个人在一个或多个单位兼职获得报酬,这种情况十分普遍,这就给我们界定是否是公司、企业或者其他单位的人员带来难度。那么兼职在公司、企业或者其他单位从事某一工作是不是具备该单位的人员资格呢?我们要从事物的本质来分析,具体情况、具体分析、具体对待,区别情况而定,同样是兼职人员情况也不尽相同,有的是同一单位不同部门的人员,比如行政科的人员兼职本单位的产品销售工作(系销售科的业务);有单位外的人员从事该单位的业务工作,比如甲单位的人员为乙单位推销产品或招揽业务;有社会人员为单位推销产品或招揽业务,他们的主体性质应该怎样界定呢?
1、同单位人员兼职本单位业务的,笔者认为本单位人员兼职本单位业务的,其所从事的职责必定是其单位指派或者单位的规章所规定,这种受单位委托或授权,完成单位规定的工作,兼职人员与本单位的管理与被管理的从属关系仍没有变,兼职人员的身份依然是本单位人员,虽然该工作不属自己本身岗位的职责范围,还可能是临时性和特定性的,因为受于单位的委托或授权,所以导致了行为人取得特定职务的结果,行为人利用了这种职务上的便利,非法占有本单位的财物,可以认定其为职务侵占罪主体资格。
2、单位以外人员兼职的主体资格,有观点认为,他们与单位是纯劳务关系,当事人之间因提供劳务而发生的民事关系,提供劳务的一方是以劳动取得报酬为结果,不存在行政上管理与被管理的隶属关系,不具有主管、管理、经手单位财物的职权,双方是完全平等的民事法律主体,所产生的法律纠纷应由民事法律来调整规范,因此不能成为职务侵占罪主体。单位以外人员兼职的,从形式层面看无疑不属于单位人员,笔者认为评判事物性质必须研究它的实质,评判一个人是否是“单位人员”,实质性的依据不是他表面身份,而是他是否单位职责或者业务活动的承担者。单位存在的主要目的或意义,并不在赋予公民各自的社会角色或身份,而在于组织、分配一定的社会职责或业务活动。从立法原意来分析,职务侵占罪的本质是因“职”而“占”,只有与一定的工作职责相联系的身份事实,才有作为犯罪构成之主体来考虑的价值,要判断一个人是不是单位人员,不只是看其身份是兼职的还是专职的,还要分析其侵占行为是否有利用“职务”之便。所谓“职务”商务印书馆1982年版《现代汉语词典》解释:“工作中规定担任的事情”。它包括担当单位的管理职责和从事具体的业务活动,有学者阐述职务侵占罪的“职务”,它有“相对稳定性”和“关联性”二个特征,如果行为人受单位委托或授权在一定时期内实际履行着单位的职责,即使他们不是单位的在编人员,也同时取得了带有一定管理性质的身份,即主管、管理、经营 、经手本单位财物的职责,这种职务的关联性引起了身份质的变化,与单位产生了管理与被管理的关系,与其从事的工作产生了特定的职责。
具体到兼职人员认定,我们可以从获得职务授权,获取报酬的方式等来分析其符不符合公司、企业或者其他单位的人员主体资格。如兼职人员从单位获得委托书、工作(业务)协议,或是根据单位制订的有关职责规定,代表单位对外行使权利,使用的是单位的合同和公章,有的还持有单位的工作证、介绍信、名片,在较长时间里为单位从事某些业务,以业务的分成作为报酬。甚至他们在行使职务中因自己的过错造成相对业务单位的损失,其法律后果也不再由他们个人承担,而是其兼职的单位承担,此时他们的身份已从平等的民事法律主体转换为单位人员,与单位形成了行政上的隶属关系,事实上接受单位的管理和监督,他们非法占有单位财物的行为,是由单位赋予了他们的职责而产生的,与其他正式职工已没有本质区别,可以构成职务侵占罪主体资格。
那些偶尔给单位办理一二次业务非法占有了单位的财物,或者是以超出单位产品定价赚取差价的行为,他们与单位没有形成行政上的隶属关系,可以看作是一般劳务关系或业务关系,认定公司、企业或者其他单位的人员的条件不够,还是不宜定职务侵占罪为妥。
三,派遣工、实习生的主体资格问题。派遣工、实习生都不是公司、企业或者其他单位的正式在编人员,派遣工是其派遣公司的人员,实习生是学校或其所属单位的人员,从职务侵占犯罪主体资格分析,他们的身份性质相似,他们的主体资格认定目前来说是个难题。以派遣工为例:派遣工就是劳务派遣工人,劳务派遣又称劳动派遣、劳动力租赁或员工租赁,劳务派遣单位根据用工单位的需要,将劳动者派遣到用工单位劳动,派遣公司与用工单位签订劳务派遣(租赁)协议,派遣公司与被聘用劳动者签订劳动合同。因此,派遣公司与用工单位是劳务合同关系,派遣公司与被聘用的劳动者之间是劳动关系,被聘用劳动者与用工单位之间则仅是有偿使用劳动力(劳务给付)的关系。
由于劳动法律规定劳动者与用工单位之间不构成隶属的职务关系,形成了用人与用工的分离局面,劳务派遣工不是用工单位的职工,用工单位又不是劳务派遣工的用人单位,派遣工却又实际从与事用工单位的正式职工相同的工作任务,他们利用主管、管理、经营、经手单位财物的便利非法占有用工单位的财物,按现在的法律规定就不能定为职务侵占罪的主体,因为他们不是用工单位的人员,而是劳务派遣公司的人员。从犯罪客体分析,派遣工侵犯的客体也不符合职务侵占罪的客体,他们所侵占的财物不是本单位的财物,而是工作单位的财物。这就产生了在同一公司内工作一个是职工,一个是劳务派遣工,发生了同样的侵占单位财物的行为,具有相同的社会危害性,却要分别定性处理,而且结果有天壤之别,公司职工构成职务侵占罪,应受到刑罚处罚,而派遣工构成民事上的不当得利,由民事法律调整,这有违在适用法律一律平等的原则。如果派遣工以盗窃罪处理,也似乎不妥,其是利用从事劳务活动时合法持有单位财产的便利,而非因工作关系熟悉作案环境、容易接近单位财物等方便条件非法占有用工单位的财物的,忽略了其客观行为的特殊性。但《劳动合同法》明文规定了派遣工与用工单位只是劳务关系,派遣工就不符合公司、企业或者其他单位主体条件和职务侵占罪的客体条件,不能以职务侵占罪追究。按照刑法的罪刑法定原则,也不能再适用类推。笔者认为这种由于不同身份所出现的同一行为应承担的刑事法律责任不同的尴尬局面应尽快改变,不能仅依据《劳动合同法》对劳动关系的规定来划分刑事法律意义上的主体范畴,可以根据职务侵占罪的立法原意,对公司、企业或者其他单位主体作扩大解释,派遣工的身份实质已符合职务侵占罪的主体资格要求,可以通过法律解释来解决。
实习生如果是学校或单位派遣的应与派遣工主体性质同样适用,与实习单位签订了实习合同(协议)的,可视为合同工,没有签订合同的在相对长的时期在单位工作的,可视为应签未签人员,也都符合职务侵占罪的主体资格。
LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON THE CONTROL OF THE EXIT ——附加英文版
The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON THE CONTROL OF THE EXIT
AND ENTRY OF CITIZENS
(Adopted at the 13th Meeting of the Standing Committee of the
Sixth National People's Congress, promulgated by Order No. 32 of the
President of the People's Republic of China on November 22, 1985, and
effective as of February 1, 1986)
Contents
Chapter I General Provisions
Chapter II Exit from the Country
Chapter III Entry into the Country
Chapter IV Administrative Organs
Chapter V Penalties
Chapter VI Supplementary Provisions
Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1
This Law is formulated with a view to safeguarding the legitimate rights
and interests of Chinese citizens with respect to their exit from and
entry into China's territory and to promoting international exchange.
Article 2
Chinese citizens may leave or enter the country with valid passports or
other valid certificates issued by the competent departments of the State
Council or other departments authorized by them. They shall not be
required to apply for visas.
Article 3
For exit and entry, Chinese citizens shall pass through open ports or
other designated ports and shall be subject to inspection by the frontier
inspection offices.
Article 4
After leaving the country, Chinese citizens may not commit any act harmful
to the security, honour or interests of their country.
Chapter II Exit from the Country
Article 5
Chinese citizens who desire to leave the country for private purposes
shall apply to the public security organs of the city or county in which
their residence is registered. Approval shall be granted except in cases
prescribed in Article 8 of this Law. The public security organs shall
decide, within a specified time, whether to approve or disapprove the
citizens' applications for leaving the country for private purposes, and
shall notify the applicants accordingly.
Article 6
In the case of Chinese citizens leaving the country on official business,
the units sending them abroad shall apply to the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs or the local foreign affairs department authorized by the ministry
for the citizens' exit certificates and acquire the certificates for them.
Article 7
In the case of seamen leaving the country to perform their duties, the
Bureau of Harbour Superintendence or a harbour superintendent authorized
by the bureau shall acquire the exit certificates for them.
Article 8
Approval to exit from the country shall not be granted to persons
belonging to any of the following categories:
(1) defendants in criminal cases or criminal suspects confirmed by a
public security organ, a people's procuratorate or a people's court;
(2) persons who, as notified by a people's court, shall be denied exit
owing to involvement in unresolved civil cases;
(3) convicted persons serving their sentences;
(4) persons undergoing rehabilitation through labour; and
(5) persons whose exit from the country will, in the opinion of the
competent department of the State Council, be harmful to state security or
cause a major loss to national interests.
Article 9
The frontier inspection offices shall have the power to stop persons
belonging to any of the following categories from leaving the country and
to deal with them according to law:
(1) holders of invalid exit certificates;
(2) holders of exit certificates other than their own; and
(3) holders of forged or altered exit certificates.
Chapter III Entry into the Country
Article 10
Chinese citizens residing abroad who desire to return to China for
permanent residence shall complete the relevant procedures at the Chinese
diplomatic missions, consular offices or other agencies located abroad
that are authorized by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, or at the public
security organs of the relevant provinces, autonomous regions, or
municipalities directly under the Central Government.
Article 11
After their entry into China, Chinese citizens who have come for permanent
residence or employment shall register for prolonged residence in
accordance with the provisions for the administration of residence. Those
who have entered for a temporary stay shall register for temporary
residence in accordance with the same provisions.
Chapter IV Administrative Organs
Article 12
Passports for Chinese citizens going abroad on official business shall be
issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs or by the local foreign affairs
departments authorized by the ministry. Seamen's papers shall be issued by
the Bureau of Harbour Superintendence or a harbour superintendent
authorized by the bureau. Passports for Chinese citizens going abroad for
private purposes shall be issued by the Ministry of Public Security or by
local public security organs authorized by the ministry.
Passports and certificates which Chinese citizens apply for abroad shall
be issued by the Chinese diplomatic missions, consular offices or other
agencies located abroad authorized by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Article 13
The Ministry of Public Security, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the
Bureau of Harbour Superintendence and other agencies that issue passports
and certificates shall have the power to cancel passports and certificates
issued by them or by their authorized agencies, or to declare such
passports and certificates invalid.
Chapter V Penalties
Article 14
Any person who, in violation of the provisions of this Law, leaves or
enters the country illegally, forges or alters an exit or entry
certificate, uses another person's certificate as his own or transfers his
certificate may be given a warning or placed in detention for not more
than ten days by a public security organ. If the circumstances of the case
are serious enough to constitute a crime, criminal responsibility shall be
investigated in accordance with the Law.
Article 15
If a citizen subject to the penalty of detention by a public security
organ refuses to accept the penalty, he may, within 15 days of receiving
notification, appeal to the public security organ at the next higher
level, which shall make the final decision; he may also directly file suit
in the local people's court.
Article 16
Where a state functionary charged with implementing this Law takes
advantage of his position and power to extort and accept bribes, he shall
be punished according to the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of
China and the Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's
Congress Regarding the Severe Punishment of Criminals Who Seriously
Undermine the Economy. If he has committed any other act involving
violation of the Law and dereliction of duty which is serious enough to
constitute a crime, his criminal responsibility shall be investigated
according to the relevant provisions of the Criminal Law of the People's
Republic of China.
Chapter VI Supplementary Provisions
Article 17
Control measures governing Chinese citizens' travels to and from the Hong
Kong or the Macao region shall be separately formulated by the relevant
departments of the State Council.
Article 18
Transistory exit from and entry into China by Chinese citizens residing in
areas bordering on a neighbouring country shall be handled according to
any relevant agreements between the two countries or, in the absence of
such agreements, according to the relevant provisions of the Chinese
Government.
The exit and entry of crews of transnational trains, crews of civil
aviation planes operating international flights and the railway
functionaries working in China's border areas shall be handled according
to relevant agreements and provisions.
Article 19
The Ministry of Public Security, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the
Ministry of Communications shall, pursuant to this Law, formulate rules
for its implementation, which shall go into effect after being submitted
to and approved by the State Council.
Article 20
This Law shall go into effect as of February 1, 1986.
Important Notice:
This English document is coming from "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.